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¡¾Ô­ÎÄժ¼ ¡¿   Immunobiology doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2010.06.002 

High glucose disrupts oligosaccharide recognition function via competitive inhibition: A potential mechanism for immune dysregulation in diabetes mellitus.

Ilyas R , Wallis R , Soilleux EJ , et al.

Diabetic complications include infection and cardiovascular disease. Within the immune system, host-pathogen and regulatory host-host interactions operate through binding of oligosaccharides by C-type lectin. A number of C-type lectins recognise oligosaccharides rich in mannose and fucose - sugars with similar structures to glucose. This raises the possibility that high glucose conditions in diabetes affect protein-oligosaccharide interactions via competitive inhibition. Mannose-binding lectin, soluble DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR, and surfactant protein D, were tested for carbohydrate binding in the presence of glucose concentrations typical of diabetes, via surface plasmon resonance and affinity chromatography. Complement activation assays were performed in high glucose. DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR expression in adipose tissues was examined via immunohistochemistry. High glucose inhibited C-type lectin binding to high-mannose glycoprotein and binding of DC-SIGN to fucosylated ligand (blood group B) was abrogated in high glucose. Complement activation via the lectin pathway was inhibited in high glucose and also in high trehalose - a nonreducing sugar with glucoside stereochemistry. DC-SIGN staining was seen on cells with DC morphology within omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues. We conclude that high glucose disrupts C-type lectin function, potentially illuminating new perspectives on susceptibility to infectious and inflammatory disease in diabetes. Mechanisms involve competitive inhibition of carbohydrate binding within sets of defined proteins, in contrast to broadly indiscriminate, irreversible glycation of proteins.

•  MIT ¿ÆÑ§¼Ò·¢Ã÷ÈËÀà¸Éϸ°û×÷ÓýÐÂÒªÁì

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¡¡¡¡ÒÔÍùÑо¿Åú×¢ £¬»ùÖÊÍâòµÄ»¯Ñ§ºÍÎïÀíÌØÕ÷ £¬ºÃ±È´Ö²Ú¶È¡¢Ó²¶È¡¢¶ÔË®µÄÇ׺ÍÁ¦µÈ¶Ô¸Éϸ°ûÉú³¤ÓÐÓ°Ïì¡£ MIT Ñо¿Ö°Ô±´´Á¢ÁË 500 ÖÖÌØÕ÷²î±ðµÄ¾ÛºÏÎï²¢ÔÚÉÏÃæ×÷Óý¸Éϸ°û £¬ÆÊÎöÿ¸ö¾ÛºÏÎïÉÏÃæÏ¸°ûµÄÉú³¤×´Ì¬¡£ËûÃÇ·¢Ã÷ £¬ »ùÖÊÍâòÊèË®ÐÔ ¶Ôϸ°ûÉú³¤Óиö×î¼Ñ¹æÄ£ £¬¶øÍâò²Ú¶ÈºÍÓ²¶ÈÔòûÓÐÌ«¶àÓ°Ïì¡£±ðµÄ £¬ËûÃǵ÷½â×î¼Ñ¾ÛºÏÎïµÄ×é³ÉΪ£º¸ß±ÈÀýµÄ±ûÏ©Ëáõ¥ £¬ÍâÃæ°ü¹ü²£Á¬ÂѰס£Ó¦ÓÃÕâÖÖеÄ×÷Óý»ùÖÊ £¬ MIT ¿ÆÑ§¼ÒÀÖ³ÉʵÏÖÁËÈËÀàÅßÌ¥¸Éϸ°ûÒ»Á¬Èý¸öÔµÄÉú³¤ºÍÆÆËé £¬²¢»ñµÃÁË´ó×ÚµÄϸ°û¡£ËûÃǽ«½øÒ»²½Ñо¿ £¬ÕùÈ¡½«ÕâÖÖ×÷Óý»ùÖÊÓ¦Óõ½ÆäËüÀàϸ°û¡££¨ ȪԴ£º ¿ÆÑ§Íø www.sciencenet.cn Ðû²¼Ê±¼ä£º 2010-8-24 10:43:34 £©

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¡¾Ô­ÎÄժ¼¡¿ Nature Materials 9, 768¨C778 doi:10.1038/nmat2812

Combinatorial development of biomaterials for clonal growth of human pluripotent stem cells

Ying Mei , Krishanu Saha , Said R. Bogatyrev £¬ et al.

Both human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells can self-renew indefinitely in culture; however, present methods to clonally grow them are inefficient and poorly defined for genetic manipulation and therapeutic purposes. Here we develop the first chemically defined, xeno-free, feeder-free synthetic substrates to support robust self-renewal of fully dissociated human embryonic stem and induced pluripotent stem cells. Material properties including wettability, surface topography, surface chemistry and indentation elastic modulus of all polymeric substrates were quantified using high-throughput methods to develop structure¨Cfunction relationships between material properties and biological performance. These analyses show that optimal human embryonic stem cell substrates are generated from monomers with high acrylate content, have a moderate wettability and employ integrin ¦Á v ¦Â 3 and ¦Á v ¦Â 5 engagement with adsorbed vitronectin to promote colony formation. The structure¨Cfunction methodology employed herein provides a general framework for the combinatorial development of synthetic substrates for stem cell culture.

•  ¹ÇËèÒÆÖ²ÖÎÁÆ ´óðåÐÔ±íÆ¤ËɽâÖ¢
¡¾ÕªÒª¡¿ NEJM Ðû²¼Ê±¼ä£º 2010-8-25 15:33:04

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¡¾Ô­ÎÄժ¼ ¡¿ N Engl J Med 2010; 363:629-639 August 12, 2010

Bone Marrow Transplantation for Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa

John E. Wagner, M.D., Akemi Ishida-Yamamoto, M.D., Ph.D., John A. McGrath, M.D., et al.

Background

Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is an incurable, often fatal mucocutaneous blistering disease caused by mutations in COL 7A 1, the gene encoding type VII collagen (C7). On the basis of preclinical data showing biochemical correction and prolonged survival in col7 −/− mice, we hypothesized that allogeneic marrow contains stem cells capable of ameliorating the manifestations of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa in humans.

Methods

Between October 2007 and August 2009, we treated seven children who had recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa with immunomyeloablative chemotherapy and allogeneic stem-cell transplantation. We assessed C7 expression by means of immunofluorescence staining and used transmission electron microscopy to visualize anchoring fibrils. We measured chimerism by means of competitive polymerase-chain-reaction assay, and documented blister formation and wound healing with the use of digital photography.

Results

One patient died of cardiomyopathy before transplantation. Of the remaining six patients, one had severe regimen-related cutaneous toxicity, with all having improved wound healing and a reduction in blister formation between 30 and 130 days after transplantation. We observed increased C7 deposition at the dermal¨Cepidermal junction in five of the six recipients, albeit without normalization of anchoring fibrils. Five recipients were alive 130 to 799 days after transplantation; one died at 183 days as a consequence of graft rejection and infection. The six recipients had substantial proportions of donor cells in the skin, and none had detectable anti-C7 antibodies.

Conclusions

Increased C7 deposition and a sustained presence of donor cells were found in the skin of children with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Further studies are needed to assess the long-term risks and benefits of such therapy in patients with this disorder.

•  ÉúÎïºÏ³É½ÇĤÓÐÖúÊÓÁ¦»Ö¸´
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¡¾Ô­ÎÄժ¼ ¡¿ Sci Transl Med Vol. 2, Issue 46, p. 46ra61 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001022

A Biosynthetic Alternative to Human Donor Tissue for Inducing Corneal Regeneration: 24-Month Follow-Up of a Phase 1 Clinical Study

Per Fagerholm , Neil S. Lagali , Kimberley Merrett , et al.

Corneas from human donors are used to replace damaged tissue and treat corneal blindness, but there is a severe worldwide shortage of donor corneas. We conducted a phase 1 clinical study in which biosynthetic mimics of corneal extracellular matrix were implanted to replace the pathologic anterior cornea of 10 patients who had significant vision loss, with the aim of facilitating endogenous tissue regeneration without the use of human donor tissue. The biosynthetic implants remained stably integrated and avascular for 24 months after surgery, without the need for long-term use of the steroid immunosuppression that is required for traditional allotransplantation. Corneal reepithelialization occurred in all patients, although a delay in epithelial closure as a result of the overlying retaining sutures led to early, localized implant thinning and fibrosis in some patients. The tear film was restored, and stromal cells were recruited into the implant in all patients. Nerve regeneration was also observed and touch sensitivity was restored, both to an equal or to a greater degree than is seen with human donor tissue. Vision at 24 months improved from preoperative values in six patients. With further optimization, biosynthetic corneal implants could offer a safe and effective alternative to the implantation of human tissue to help address the current donor cornea shortage.

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¡¾Ô­ÎÄժ¼ ¡¿ Nature doi:10.1038/nature09270
Biological, clinical and population relevance of 95 loci for blood lipids

Tanya M. Teslovich , Kiran Musunuru , Albert V. Smith , et al.

Plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides are among the most important risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) and are targets for therapeutic intervention. We screened the genome for common variants associated with plasma lipids in >100,000 individuals of European ancestry. Here we report 95 significantly associated loci ( P < 5 ¡Á 10 −8 ), with 59 showing genome-wide significant association with lipid traits for the first time. The newly reported associations include single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near known lipid regulators (for example, CYP 7A 1 , NPC 1L 1 and SCARB1 ) as well as in scores of loci not previously implicated in lipoprotein metabolism. The 95 loci contribute not only to normal variation in lipid traits but also to extreme lipid phenotypes and have an impact on lipid traits in three non-European populations (East Asians, South Asians and African Americans). Our results identify several novel loci associated with plasma lipids that are also associated with CAD. Finally, we validated three of the novel genes¡ª GALNT2 , PPP1R3B and TTC39B ¡ªwith experiments in mouse models. Taken together, our findings provide the foundation to develop a broader biological understanding of lipoprotein metabolism and to identify new therapeutic opportunities for the prevention of CAD.


 

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